The elevation of the great central African plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1000 and 1300 metres, modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. The role of termites in building mounds which remain above most of the flood is important as this provides habitats for plants less tolerant of getting waterlogged, as well as safe breeding sites for birds and some animals. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations COVID-19 Emergency Appeal Zambia (May - October 2020), Zambia Humanitarian Appeal, October 2019 - March 2020, ACAPS Briefing Note: Drought Southern Province (11 July 2019), Zambia: Flood in Southern Province - DREF Application (MDRZM019). This warm, moist air then rises, and as it rises, it cools. Much of the ecoregion in Southern Province (sometimes referred to as the Southern Plateau) and the south-east of Eastern Province (sometimes referred to as the Eastern Plateau) has been cleared for farming and ranching. What is the site and situation of a settlement? The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant subtropical weather rather than tropical conditions for most of the year. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. Most of Zambia forms part of the high plateau of this part of Africa (3,000 to 5,000 feet [900 to 1,500 metres] above sea level).Major relief features occur where river valleys and rifted troughs, some lake-filled, dissect its surface. Weather in the UK - rainfall Rainfall. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. This increased rainfall will likely result in at least average 2016/17 crop production, but may also cause flooding in flood-prone areas of central and southern Sudan. In Zambia a sole ecoregion within the biome is represented. Kalantary, C. (2010). Relief (or Orographic) rainfall occurs in areas with mountains and/or complex terrains. These cookies do not contain personal information and are not used for analytical or advertising purposes. Authorities indicated that this year's crop damage has been more extensive that those of other past flood seasons. Lucy is travel writer for a range of publications, including Lonely Planet's guides to Africa, Southern Africa and South Africa. Zambia. Flooding is an annual event on floodplains, to which people and wildlife are adapted. Relief Rainfall. The government of Zambia through the ZVAC undertook an assessment of the impact of the drought situation on different sectors during the month of May 2019. This type of rainfall is common in places with mountains and sea. [14] Zambia is considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because the majority of the population rely on agriculture for their livelihoods - and changes in rainfall patterns has a negative impact due to the rainfed nature of production. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The biomes and ecoregions in the ecology of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the World Wildlife Fund's classification scheme for terrestrial ecoregions, and the WWF freshwater ecoregion classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands. Did you know rain also occurs as the result of weather fronts and convection? Rainfall and recharge to a dolomite aquifer in a semi-arid climate at Kabwe, Zambia. to 716 pp (EUR), Zambia: Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate, but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. kcse past papers On the later part of the 20th century, runoff in the country decreased by 20 to 30% (MMET, 1998). [citation needed]. Grey dambo soils contain more nutrients but are waterlogged in the rainy season and often very acidic, restricting the plants which can grow there to sedges and wiry grasses tolerant of marshy conditions. The country does not suffer tornadoes or cyclones of widespread destructive force. Study it carefully and follow the route of the water. The chain extends into Namibia and Botswana at one end (Caprivi wetlands and Okavango Swamp) and to Tanzania and Kenya at the other. While these costly relief efforts have been perceived as a necessity, such short-term interventions have generally precluded support for longer-term development processes, particularly in those areas with dry climate conditions. As the air rises, it cools, condenses and forms rain. What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon? The torrential rainfall and flooding could aggravate the already fragile food insecurity situation in Zambia. Here are some average weather facts we collected from our historical climate data: During the month of February, March, April, May, June, July and August you are most likely to experience good weather with pleasant average temperatures that fall between 20 degrees Celsius (68F) and 25 degrees Celsius (77F). Relief rainfall occurs in all altitudes; Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. How have plants adapted to cold environments? This means it has a greater ability to carry water moisture and so there is little rain on the far side of the mountain. The 8 sites listed below form a broad chain running from south-west to north-east. The coolest area overall is the high Nyika plateau, in the northeast on the border with Malawi. and cools at the higher altitude, producing rain on the upwind What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. Erosion and the washing out of roads and bridges are common. kcse resources Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. This is because vulnerability to climate shocks was engendered. The African plateau is underlain primarily by Precambrian rock that dates back to more than 600 years. "The government of Zambia has an interest in maize, that's why they go in . Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. Tours, Kenya Small earth dams are often constructed in dambos as a source of water and as fishponds. National Geographic/World Wildlife Fund: "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World. Seasons. The latter may also survive the dry season through drought-resistant forms. The River Tees landforms of erosion and deposition, Case Study Ganges/Brahmaputra River Basin, Geological time is on a different time to human time, Different rocks create contrasting landforms and landscapes. . Some bridges have been submerged in the same area, hampering access. What factors affect population density and distribution? Convectional Rainfall. This chain is exploited by birds in their migration and in former times, animals also migrated along the chain. The leeward side is sometimes known as a rain shadow area. Acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems; acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered acid precipitation; note - a pH of 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar) has Like most of Southern Africa, Zambia also has rich biodiversity that is conserved in its many protected areas. 6 2.1 Climate of Zambia . Such communities are said to be edaphic, and are found on grey dambo soils, black floodplain soils and Kalahari sands. Before the floods, more than 2.3 million people were expected to be severely food . Zambia is divided into three agro-ecological zones with distinct mean annual rainfall, ranging from 600mm to 1200mm. Earlier this month, heavy rains left the Chipata Level One Hospital in the capital, Lusaka, completely flooded, leading to the evacuation of some patients. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Zambia has seen an increase in intercropping between the two years, with 7 percent of the surveyed households adopting intercropping between 2012 and 2015, Physical relief maps actually have raised areas that represent different elevations. Tropical . Lusaka City natural surface drainage (Natural Surface Water Flow Pattern) Zambia weather in November 2023. Relief Rainfall. Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. The fires are ignited by villagers hunting, burning crop residue, and preparing chitemene gardens; or by lightning in the early rainy season. This is restricted to the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southernmost parts of the country. Zambias GDP growth rate by 0.4 percentage points per year, which costs the country US$4.3 billion over a 10-year period. Rainfall 800-1000 mm, and the growing season is 100-140 days long. In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. Latitude is only one factor which determines the climate or even simply the rainfall pattern, temperature pattern etc. This indicates that groundwater in Zambia usually has very low concentrations of dissolved constituents (total dissolved solids concentrations are typically less than 200 mg/l). Heavy rainfall in recent days has led to riverine and flash floods in Zambia, mainly in the Southern Province, with Gwembe and Siavonga Districts hardest-hit. What are shanty town improvement schemes? 17 Western and north-western India recorded more malaria cases with higher rainfall during La . How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? He holds an Honours in Accountancy degree from the University of Zimbabwe. This symmetry is, however, imperfect because of Relief rainfall occurs when air has been blown over the sea and is then forced up over an area of high land. and 1,000 B.C. The highest rainfall is in the north, especially the north-west and the north-east, decreasing towards the south; the driest areas are in the far south west and the Luangwa River and middle Zambezi River valleys, parts of which are considered semi-arid. A total of 98 deaths occurred during October 4, 2017-May 12, 2018, in Lusaka; 40 (41%) deaths were reported by cholera treatment centers (CTCs), and 58 (59%) deaths occurred in the community. Elsewhere, from Zambia across Malawi, Zimbabwe and central Mozambique, above average rainfall has favoured conditions suitable for planning and early crop Because the wind meets a high mountain, it is forced to rise upwards. Rainfall amount is the most important determinant of the type and distribution of ecoregions. In the UK prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas such as the Rocky Mountai. Once over the top of the mountain the air will usually drop down the other side, warming as it does so. The moisture in the warm air condenses as it cools which causes clouds and rain. Warm air is pushed up and over the terrain and cools at the higher altitude, producing . There are reports that more than 2 million people may be affected by the damage to agriculture. 6 On the flat central African plateau the woodland is interspersed with dambos, grassy wetlands forming the headwaters and margins of rivers which may make up to 30% of the ecoregion and which increase biodiversity of the ecoregion. As the air rises and cools, the orographic clouds form and serve as the precipitation source, where most falls upwind of the mountain ridge. In Zambia this biome is represented by only one ecoregion in a few patches, covering around 5% of the land area. The southern and western areas of the country have this year experienced their lowest rainfall since 1981, as well . The weather in Zambia in November is hot. [1], Rainfall varies over a range of 500 to 1,400mm (19.7 to 55.1in) per year (most areas fall into the range of 700 to 1,200mm or 27.6 to 47.2in). Waterspouts can be seen over lakes. Clouds form, and precipitation occurs. The SE Trades are forced to rise by the mountain, cool and condense and rain occurs on the South Eastern slopes or the windward slopes of the mountain. As the air descends, it warms, meaning it can carry water moisture, so there is little rain on this side of the mountain. What is the impact of humans on the desert? J. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM history 3.2 Wetlands 3.3 Zambia has Eight Wetlands of International Importance which include, the Kafue Flats . GEOGRAPHY POINT GEOGRAPHY,HISTORY, MAPS AND GIS, EXPLORE THE WORLD OF GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND MAPS AN EDUCATIONAL SITE ABOUT GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? Peshawar is a rain fed area and gets western depression rain in winter and also receives rain from monsoon in summer. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. Best Answer. For plants this includes the deciduous habit (losing leaves to conserve water), very deep root systems, water-storing roots and tubers, waxy leaf cuticles, and drought-resistant seeds. Rainfall amount is the most important determinant of the type and distribution of ecoregions. International migration from Syria to Europe, Japan A country with a high dependent population. Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK? Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. Dambos also release groundwater to streams and rivers towards the end of the dry season, keeping them flowing permanently. It can occur almost Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen? Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted by severe drought. The ITCZ is located north of Zambia in the dry season. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT Zambia-specific climate change and (2) some empirical background on literature . "Rather than assuming more rain in general, society needs to take measures to deal with little change most of the time, and a handful of events with much more rain," she and Knutti wrote last . Succulent plants are also widespread, especially in rocky areas. The water cycle as it occurs in real life. [16] Rainfall intensity results in heavy storms thereby causing floods that cause damage to property and crops. If this process continues then rain will fall. csee review questions mathematics past papers GitHub export from English Wikipedia. It is found: This biome is represented by one ecoregion. How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? Safaris, Uganda The average temperature in Zambia in the summer is 30C and in the winter (colder season) it can get as low as 5C. Six ecoregions are represented of which the first four listed below are woodland savannas, consisting of a grass cover 12 m high, and hardwood deciduous trees and/or hardwood shrubs, which range in ground coverage from 'scattered' to 'abundant'. website is used, as well as Advertising and social media cookies (including cookies from trusted Around 70% of the Zambian thicket has been lost to land clearing and at the present rate the rest will vanish within 20 years. Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. What problems are caused by global warming? Precipitation is measured using a rain gauge, and more recently remote sensing techniques such as a weather radar. history of South Africa Plants, animals and people have evolved to this cycle which in Zambia has been fairly reliable, and it brings a number of ecological advantages which promote biodiversity. Once over the top of the mountain the air will usually drop down the other side, warming as it does so. Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. Moderate rain describes . The flooding has destroyed crops, including maize, especially in Munyumbwe area in Gwembe District, according to the Governments Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU). Convectional rainfall occurs when the land warms up and heats Private tourMid-rangeLodge & Self Catering Accommodation, You Visit: Lusaka (Start), Lower Zambezi NP, South Luangwa NP, Mfuwe (End), 468 condense into a cloud and then rains. Zambia, landlocked country in south-central Africa. On older flat maps, you may see areas In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. Tours, Ethiopia Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland. Since 1960, there has been an average decrease in annual rainfall of 1.9 mm per decade. The result has This saturated cloud with water vapor begins to The views are spectacular from both the Zambian and Zimbabwean sides of the falls, and it is now a great time to book a helicopter flight over the falls. The ecoregion has suffered extensive deforestation, especially in the highly urbanised Copperbelt Province due to charcoal production and clearing for farming, the centre of Central Province (for farming and ranching), and around Kasama and Mansa (charcoal production and chitemene farming). Different types of rainfall in the UK. geography acsee Zambia is expected to experience heavy rains in the coming days, with potential for flash floods in Mufumbwe, Kasempa, Kabwe, Lusaka, Siavonga, Gwembe and Chipata districts. None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. the average yearly rainfall for Scotland is What are the physical characteristics of cold environments? Changes in rainfall and other forms of precipitation will be one of the most critical factors determining the overall impact of climate change.Rainfall is much more difficult to predict than . The annual rainfall is more than 700 mm (28 in) in the Southern parts, while is more than 1,100 mm (43 in) in the northern parts. There is no significantly discernable trend in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in recent years (McSweeney et al, 2010). Make decisions like a pro by using our 79,846 reviews and 216 destination guides. Why is there a trend towards agribusiness? Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . Heavy rainfall has caused floods in Zambia, displacing hundreds of people and destroying crops in an area already experiencing a shortage of food. Zambia. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. Figure 5 Extent of Desertification in Zambia Figure 6 Annual Rainfall (mm) per Province Figure 7 Maize production (kg) from 1987 to 1999 . Flash floods after unusually heavy rain cause damage when they occur in places that do not experience annual floods. Relief rain. It Part of the industrial area flooded. Before the floods, more than 2.3 million people were expected to be severely food insecure during the lean season (October 2019 March 2020), with at least 430,000 of them in Emergency (IPC 4). The average number of hot days1 and hot nights per year in Zambia have increased while the Over most of South Africa, there is a definite rainfall pattern with rainfall increasing from west to east. This causes air to cool and moisture in the air to condense into rainfall. Easily compare offers from top rated tour operators. Relief rainfall occurs very frequently near mountains beside the sea. . The north-south highland barrier is interrupted by a major gap, the Turkana gap, between the Ethiopian and the Kenya Highlands (Figure 1). - Temperature: the mean temperature is predicted to increase in Zambia with a greater frequency of 'Hot' days1 and nights and very few 'Cold'2 days or nights - Rainfall: changes in rainfall are less certain, but rainfall is expected to increase in the rainy season and the winter is expect to be even drier. Relief rainfall is formed when the air cools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. as the area had been experiencing a drought before the floods began. It lies on plateau above 2000 m elevation, with grassland and shrubland dominating. What is the structure of the tropical rainforest? Rainfall at Kabwe is stable over long periods of time but varies considerably in the short term over periods of approximately 8 and 4 years. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? Afternoon temperatures are around 26C/78F and the humidity is high. During the 2019/2020 rainy season, Zambia recorded above normal rainfall which resulted into flooding and dry spells in isolated parts of the country particularly in Western Province. In Barotseland, people move with their livestock, grazing them on the Barotse Floodplain in the dry season and moving to higher ground at the margins during the rainy season. Due to high rainfall and bad roads, the Wet season months from December to March are not ideal for visiting Zambia. Usually the days in November are hot while the nights are a bit cooler. What does scenery formed by erosion look like? So far, any impact that climate change may have had generally on regional rainfall cannot be distinguished from natural variations. For this answer typeHow does Frontal Rainfall occurs?Miissmeg. 1.2 Zambia Dry season May to October Winter. Human and physical factors causing river flooding. This is a type of rainfall that occur when warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. Zambia has a predominantly humid subtropical climate with small patches of semi-arid steppe in the southwest of the country. conserves both inter-specific and intra-specific diversity of crop species . Moisture-laden wind blows in from the sea. How can the impacts of climate change be managed? necta csee past paper The distinction between rainy and dry seasons is marked with no rain at all falling in June, July and August. Cultivated maize area has been on average 700,000 ha between 1987 and 2007, with largest area of 900,000 ha in 2008. Of late, droughts have been crippling the nation and have contributed to the already low life-expectancy GEOLOGY, RELIEF AND DRAINAGE Fig 2.1a page 26 . Why is the Human Development Index important? About our use of cookies, Please select which cookies you would like to keep switched on. December, January, February & March - The wettest months, with heavy downpours in the afternoon. There are two main seasons: the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May to October/November), corresponding to winter. In higher rainfall areas of Zambia the proportion and size of trees are at the higher extreme for this biome, with a canopy covering up to 40% of the ground and trees often exceeding 10 m in height. Crops are frequently damaged by flooding and hail. The Dry season in Zambia is a lovely time to visit its divided into a cooler period (May to August) and a hotter one (September and October). necta csee chemistry past papers Landforms in the middle course of a river. They may kill animals, and damage crops if the rains end early and fires happen before harvest. slope and dry conditions on the downwind slope. How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? Southern areas of Madagascar are facing a very poor early stage of the season, with potential impacts persisting from the significant drought of the previous growing season of 2019-2020. Zambia's average annual temperature has increased by 1.3C since 1960, an average rate of 0.29C per decade. [15] This means that the occurrence of extreme climate events such as droughts and floods would become more frequent. kcse history notes The average temperatures are between 66F and 87F. Three types of rainfall are: Convectional rainfall, this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. As a result, rainfall is usually low on the leeward side of the mountain range and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. In winter, theres hardly any rain and humidity is low. Temperatures are higher at lower elevations, such as the Luapula-Mweru and Mweru-Wantipa/Tanganyika valleys in the north, and highest in the lower Luangwa and Zambezi valleys in the south, typically experiencing 40C in October. As a country with very distinct rainy and dry seasons, with a high rainfall in the former, and having a fairly flat topography, Zambian rivers and low-lying areas are prone to flooding, and there are extensive permanent swamps. What is the location and importance of Mumbai? Small earth dams are often constructed in dambos as a source of water and as fishponds.