Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Boston House, The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. VAT reg no 816865400. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. First English colony in Virginia established. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The invasion failed, however. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Boston Spa, Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Manage Settings When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. J. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. She was a Protestant. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. . After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. From there we will look at the career . "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Boston Spa, Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Register for free, Home / The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. LS23 6AD (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Save. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Why religious compromise was so difficult. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. West Yorkshire, He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. migration? Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. By 1568 most people had accepted. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Elizabeth I: a biography. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. The war was going badly for England. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. and reversing the religious settlement. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. - Leith blockade. France was at war with England and Spain. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth lived quietly at her . They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. LS23 6AD Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Best Answer. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. 2) This war was not a success. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Henry himself gave people cause . In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. 214 High Street, John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . This meant atholics did not think . Mary was spared. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. - send 2000 to rebels. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. 214 High Street, Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Use your outline . Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below.